These two countries contain distribution area for four species of marmot: Marmota baibacina (gray marmot), M. However, there is yet a lack of research on marmot plague and climate on a large spatial scale.Ĭhina and Mongolia share the risk burden of plague epidemics. 26 determined from satellite data that there is an 80%–100% probability of the Himalayan marmot being present in Gansu Province. 25 suggested that in Qinghai Province, marmots prefer warm areas with relatively low altitudes and good vegetation. Regarding marmots, one of the key host animals in Mongolia and China, a few studies have been conducted in the Himalayas. norvegicus in particular following a period of heavy seasonal rainfall in Vietnam 23, 24. Similarly, increased plague incidence was observed among Rattus in general and R. Moreover, several cross-sectional studies have suggested that heavy precipitation has a positive effect and increases plague risk, e.g., the rate of prairie dog plague transmission would increase during years of heavy precipitation in North America 22. They determined that an increase in spring temperatures of approximately 1 degree centigrade would increase the average number of plague-infected gerbils by approximately 59%. 21 evaluated the influence of spring warmth and summer rains on plague prevalence among gerbils in Central Asia. Many previous studies have shown local climate to have significantly nonlinear effects on plague dynamics among rodent communities 18, 19, 20. Without intensive treatment, the lethality of septicemic and pneumonic plague is almost 100% between one and four days following symptom onset 13, 15 however, the higher probability of pneumonic plague leads it to have a higher death rate 17. The plague's clinical manifestations include bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic forms 13, 14, 15, 16. When an infected flea leaves the dead body of its rodent host, it may bite humans and cause their infection, whereby sporadic cases, outbreaks, or even large epidemics can result 1.

pestis is maintained in nature through transmission between hematophagous adult fleas and rodent hosts 12, including gerbils, rock squirrels, ground squirrels, prairie dogs, wood rats, and marmots. Mongolia and China are two more high-risk countries in which occasional scattered cases of human plague have been regularly reported 6, 8, 9, 10 in the period of 2001–2020, China recorded a total of 252 cases of human plague and 44 deaths 11.

From 2013 to 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) recorded 2,886 cases and 504 deaths, of which 95% came from sub-Saharan Africa 6, and another 1,878 cases were identified in Madagascar in 2017 7. Currently, the incidence of plague has rebounded in the Americas, Asia, and Africa in tandem with rapid globalization and climate change, making it a severe public health problem 3, 4, 5. Occasionally, the disease affects humans indeed, over the course of history it has caused three pandemics, killed more than 200 million people, and profoundly impacted human society and the course of history 2. Plague, caused by Yersinia pestis infections, is a wildlife disease for which rodents are the main host and fleas serve as the vector 1.

China isolator switch